Abstract

KAWASAKI DISEASE-AN UPDATED OVERVIEW OF THE CONDITION

Ahmad Mufleh Alenazi*, Ahmad Alhelo Alanazi, Abdullah Saleh Alshowmer, Abdullatif Suliman Alsayegh, Mohammed Abdullah Alduaybi, Hamoud Ghayyadh Alanizi and Adel Mohamed AlDukain

ABSTRACT

Background: Kawasaki disease (KD) is an acute systemic vasculitis predominantly affecting children, characterized by prolonged fever and leading to serious cardiac complications, particularly coronary artery lesions (CAL). Despite being the leading cause of acquired heart disease in children in developed countries, the etiology of KD remains largely unknown. Aim: This article aims to provide an updated overview of Kawasaki disease, focusing on its epidemiology, clinical manifestations, diagnostic criteria, and treatment approaches. Methods: A comprehensive review of recent literature on Kawasaki disease was conducted, highlighting epidemiological trends, diagnostic criteria variations across different regions, and the effectiveness of various treatment modalities. The review incorporated studies analyzing immune response mechanisms, genetic predispositions, and the role of inflammation in CAL development. Results: KD incidence is notably higher in Asian countries, with increasing global prevalence. Diagnostic criteria differ, with the American Heart Association (AHA) emphasizing the importance of a fever lasting more than five days accompanied by specific clinical features. Treatment typically involves the administration of intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG) alongside high-dose aspirin to mitigate inflammation and prevent CAL. Despite IVIG's effectiveness in reducing CAL risk, treatment failure remains a concern, with studies indicating associations between immune markers and CAL development. Conclusion: KD remains a critical pediatric condition requiring prompt recognition and treatment to prevent severe cardiovascular outcomes. Understanding the complex interplay of immunopathogenic factors is vital for improving diagnostic accuracy and therapeutic strategies. Future research should focus on the genetic underpinnings of KD and the long-term cardiovascular implications for affected children. Enhanced awareness and adherence to updated diagnostic criteria can significantly improve patient outcomes.

Keywords: Kawasaki disease, systemic vasculitis, coronary artery lesions, pediatric cardiology, intravenous immunoglobulin, diagnostic criteria, epidemiology.