Abstract

THYROID DISORDERS: DIAGNOSIS AND MANAGEMENT OF THYROID CANCERS-REVIEW OF UPDATED DATA

Abeer Saleh Alghamdi*, ‏Hussain Mahdi Aljawad, ‏Hala abdulaziz alzuhair, ‏Khwlah Abdulaziz Alswaied, ‏Naifa Hail Alaida, ‏Zainab Ali AlQarni, ‏Abrar Fayadh Alshammari, Sultan Mohammed Algfari

ABSTRACT

Background: Thyroid disorders, particularly thyroid cancers, are becoming increasingly prevalent, with the incidence of thyroid cancer rising significantly over the past three decades. The rise is attributed to the enhanced use of imaging techniques for detecting thyroid nodules, many of which are found incidentally. Aim: This review aims to summarize the current diagnostic and therapeutic strategies for thyroid nodules and differentiated thyroid cancers, specifically focusing on papillary and follicular thyroid cancers, which account for the majority of cases. Methods: The review incorporates a comprehensive analysis of literature regarding the epidemiology, diagnosis, and management of thyroid cancers. It evaluates the significance of fine-needle aspiration (FNA) biopsy, imaging modalities, and surgical interventions. Results: The review highlights that while 5% of detected thyroid nodules are malignant, the lifetime risk of developing thyroid cancer is about 1.1%, with a five-year survival rate of 97.8% due to early diagnosis. Treatment strategies vary based on cancer type and stage, including surgical resection, radioactive iodine therapy, and targeted molecular therapies. Conclusion: Early detection and appropriate management of thyroid cancers are crucial for improving patient outcomes. This review underscores the need for accurate diagnostic methods and personalized treatment plans, considering the rising incidence and the potential for varying malignancy rates in thyroid nodules.

Keywords: Thyroid cancer, Thyroid nodules, Diagnosis, Management, Fine-needle aspiration, papillary thyroid carcinoma.