Abstract

PNEUMONIA IN ADULTS: CLINICAL PRESENTATION, DIAGNOSTIC PROCEDURES, AND PROGNOSTIC MARKERS-REVIEW FOR HEALTHCARE PROVIDERS

Naifa Hail Alaida* and ‏Zainab Ali AlQarni

ABSTRACT

Background: Pneumonia is a leading respiratory infection in adults, characterized by inflammation in the lungs and significant morbidity and mortality rates, particularly in vulnerable populations. Aim: This review aims to evaluate the clinical presentation, diagnostic procedures, and prognostic markers of pneumonia in adults to enhance healthcare providers' understanding and management of the condition. Methods: A comprehensive literature review was conducted, synthesizing data on the etiology, clinical manifestations, diagnostic approaches, and treatment modalities for pneumonia. The review emphasizes current guidelines and advances in the understanding of pneumonia's epidemiology and management. Results: The findings highlight that pneumonia can be caused by a range of pathogens, with Streptococcus pneumoniae being predominant among bacterial agents. Diagnosis often involves clinical assessment, chest imaging, and laboratory tests. Effective management is crucial, particularly for community-acquired pneumonia (CAP), where early intervention can significantly improve outcomes. The review also notes the challenges posed by antibiotic resistance and the importance of vaccination in high-risk groups. Conclusion: Pneumonia remains a critical health concern, necessitating a multidisciplinary approach for prevention, timely diagnosis, and treatment. Enhanced awareness and adherence to clinical guidelines can mitigate the impact of this disease on public health.

Keywords: Pneumonia, Adults, Diagnosis, Treatment, Streptococcus pneumoniae, Clinical guidelines.