Abstract

ENCEPHALITIS: A COMPARISON OF INFECTIOUS AND AUTOIMMUNE TYPES

Sanjana S. Mane*, Sryesta S. Kshirsagar, Dr. Vijaykumar Sable and Dr. Rani Mhetre

ABSTRACT

Encephalitis is a serious condition characterized by inflammation of the brain, which can result from infectious agents such as viruses (e.g., herpes simplex virus) or from autoimmune processes where the immune system erroneously attacks brain tissue. This inflammation can lead to a wide range of symptoms, from mild flu-like manifestations to severe neurological deficits like confusion, seizures, and motor dysfunction. Early and accurate diagnosis is critical, involving a combination of clinical evaluations, laboratory tests (including blood tests and cerebrospinal fluid analysis), and advanced imaging techniques such as MRI and CT scans. Infectious encephalitis, particularly viral types, is typically managed with antiviral medications like acyclovir. Autoimmune encephalitis requires immunosuppressive therapies, including corticosteroids, intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG), and plasmapheresis, with long-term management potentially
involving immunomodulatory drugs like rituximab and azathioprine. Recent advancements in diagnostic tools, such as next-generation sequencing, have enhanced the detection of causative pathogens, while novel imaging modalities have improved the visualization of brain inflammation. These advancements, ongoing research is essential to better understand the pathophysiology of encephalitis and to develop more effective treatments. Future prospects include gene therapy, stem cell research, and the exploration of the gut-brain axis in influencing neurological outcomes. Raising awareness about encephalitis among healthcare providers and the public is crucial for early recognition and intervention, ultimately improving patient outcomes and reducing the disease's burden. Continued efforts in research and education are needed to advance our understanding and management of this complex and potentially devastating condition.

Keywords: Encephalitis, Inflammation, Immunosupression, Diagnosis, cerebrospinal Fluid.