Abstract

DETECTION OF HALITOSIS IN BREATH: A REVIEW ON PATHOLOGY DIAGNOSIS PREVALENCE AND TREATMENT OF HALOTIOSIS

Pranali V. Ghate*, Akshaykumar A. Kedar, Vaishnavi P. Wadodkar, Priyanka M. Deshmukh, Karan S. Gayakwad and Jaya P. Ambhore

ABSTRACT

Bad breath, often known as halitosis, is an oral health issue characterised by an offensive odour coming from the mouth. This ailment can have a variety of reasons, negatively impact social relationships, communication, and overall quality of life, and in rare instances, may be a sign of underlying non-oral non-communicable diseases. The majority of halitosis cases are caused by poor dental hygiene, periodontitis, and tongue coating, but the remaining cases are mostly brought on by gastrointestinal/endocrine (5%) or ear-nose-throat (10%) problems. Because of this, halitosis diagnosis, therapy, and clinical care frequently necessitate a multidisciplinary team approach. This in-depth analysis revisits the causes of halitosis as well as tried-and-true and cutting-edge therapies that might improve clinical outcomes. An offensive odour with intra-oral and/or extra-oral origins that comes from the mouth cavity is referred to as halitosis. 90% of the causes of halitosis, which is self-reported by 50% of people worldwide, are intra-oral. To best serve the requirements of patients with this issue, whether they are self-reporting it or have been given a diagnosis, dental hygiene practitioners should be aware about the latest classifications, diagnoses, and treatment techniques. This review discusses the classification of halitosis, evaluation, diagnosis, intra-oral and systemic contributory factors, treatment, management, and therapeutic application.

Keywords: Halitosis, bad breath, classification, diagnosis, treatment, prevalence, etiology, oral malodor.