Abstract

NON-SUSTAINABLE ENVIRONMENTS AND UNHEALTHY LIFESTYLES AMPLIFY THE DYSHOMEOSTASIS OF IMMUNOMODULATION IN INFECTIOUS DISEASES AND AGEING: BASIC AND APPLIED HARMACOLOGY/ MICROBIOLOGY/ COMMUNITY MEDICINE

*Dr. Stephen E. O. Oriaifo, Prof. B. Adegboro, Dr. Donald Odion Oriafo and Dr. Ronald Akhere Oriaifo

ABSTRACT

Immunomodulation involves homeostasis or self-regulation of immune responses by the organism and immunotherapy. Immunotherapy may be immunostimulant or immunosuppressive therapy. There is an appropriate synergistic interplay between the innate and adaptive immune systems in immunomodulation. The possible catalyst-like effects of infectious diseases on non-communicable diseases (NCDs) and their pernicious role in contributing to the rising ruinous problem of drug resistance is gaining more attention. There is a feed-forward and feed-back effect of poverty/lifestyle on the role of socio-political factors in sustaining the relationships of non-communicable diseases complex, genetics and non-sustainable environments on the one hand and infectious disease, telomere attrition and immunosenescence on the other hand on ageing/mitochondrial mechanisms, all impinging on longevity. The six points of two triangles made by above factors are in a swirlpool of nescience in the way of an advancing army of science and technology. This scenario disrupts the sustainable development goals 17 of the UN (2015-2030) especially target 3.4 which aims to reduce premature deaths due to NCDs. In logical sequence, this review focuses on the mechanisms of the innate immune system as well as the adaptive immune system; and how these relate to immunostimulatory and immunosuppressive therapies in specific infectious diseases. Online search words used to interrogate the databases for immunomodulation as well as the mechanisms of host-microbial interactions included innate immune response, humoral immune response, cellular immune response, antigen– mediator interaction, tissue response to immune mediators and mechanisms of T cell exhaustion and its negative sequelae. The search words also included immunostimulatory/immunosuppressive therapies including herd immunity, vaccines, antimicrobial peptides (AMPs), monoclonal antibodies, CAR-T cell therapy and CRISPR-Cas 9 system; and finally immunomodulation in specific infectious diseases and effect of the environment.

Keywords: Immunomodulation, Phases of the immune response, Tissue reaction to immune mediators, T cell exhaustion, Immunostimulatory; Immunosuppressive; Specific infectious diseases.