Abstract

PARKINSON'S DISEASE: AN UPDATED REVIEW

Chandan Kumar Singh*

ABSTRACT

Parkinson disease is a neurodegenerative disorder, which leads to progressive deterioration of motor function due to loss of dopamine producing brain cell. According to WHO, Parkinson's disease is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder of insidious onset, characterised by the presence of predominantly motor symptomatology (Bradykinesia, Rest tremor, Rigidity and Postural disturbances). Parkinson's disease results from an insufficiency of dopamine in the brain, and is thus categorised as a movement disorder. The average onset age is approximately 60 years. Parkinsons disease primarily affects the part of the brain known as the basal ganglia. The disease is characterized by the destruction of dopamineragic cells in the pars compacta region of the substantia nigra in the midbrain leading to a deficiency of dopamine in the nerver terminal of the striatum in the forebrain. The sign and symptoms include Resting tremors, Bradykinesia, Muscle rigidity, Freezing, Micrographia, Hypomimia, Sexual dysfunction, mood and Sleep disorder, Hallucination, delusions etc. The diagnosis is made on the basis of history and clinical examination, handwriting samples, speech analysis, interview questions that focus on developing symptoms, and physical examination are used in the preclinical stage to detect early manifestations of the disease. Parkinson disease may result in the following Complications like dementia, cognitive impairment, Behavioural disturbances, Dysphagia, Sleep disorders and many more. Drug therapies, Deep brain stimulation, Surgery are currently used for the treatments of Parkinson disease. Researchers continue to improve our undrstanding of the disease and help to provide better treatments for the underlying causes of the highly debilitatin condition. Continued scientific research into parkinson's disease may reveal important clues to help find more effective treatments in the near future.

Keywords: Parkinson's disease, Motor and Non-Motor, Levodopa, Deep Brain Stimulation.